I-LAist iyingxenye ye-Southern California Public Radio, inethiwekhi yemidiya yomphakathi esekelwa ngamalungu.Ukuze uthole izindaba zakamuva zikazwelonke ezivela ku-NPR kanye nomsakazo wethu obukhoma vakashela ku-LAist.com/radio
Uma umisa nge-Sustain LA ekuqaleni kuka-2020, uzothola ukukhethwa okubanzi kwemikhiqizo eco-friendly, ikhaya elizinzile nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu.Ama-waxed food wrappers, amabhola okomisa uboya bemvelo, izixubho zoqalo, i-vegan floss—konke okudingayo ukuze ekugcineni uqede ubuhlobo bakho obunobuthi ngepulasitiki esetshenziswa kanye.Kungcono sekwephuzile kunanini ngaphambili, akunjalo?
I-boutique ethokomele i-Highland Park igxile kakhulu ezimpahleni ezibolayo ezindaweni zokulahla imfucuza (ngokungafani nezinto eziningi esizithengayo).Ungazizwa unecala uma ungahambi nawo wonke udoti wakho ngekani elilodwa.Inhloso lapha akukhona ukuthi abantu balahle izinto, kodwa ukusisiza ukuthi sinciphise udoti esiwukhiqizayo.Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu manje njengoba wawunjalo ngaphambi kwe-COVID-19.Kepha ukuhlala ngaphandle kwemfucuza kube nenkinga enkulu njengoba ukuvinjelwa kobhubhane ukuletha izikhwama zakho esitolo segrosa kanye nezikhwama ezimbili ukuze uzikhiphe.
Nakuba amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanyekanye akuphephile ngempela kunezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa kabusha, abathengi abaningi abakhathazekile ngokubhebhetheka kwezifo bayazisebenzisa futhi.(Asizibandakanyi izinto zokuzivikela ezilahlwayo njengamamaski nezihlangu zobuso.) Ehlobo eledlule, eminye imindeni yase-US ikhiqize imfucuza engaphezu kuka-50% kunangaphambi kokugqashuka kwe-COVID-19.
Ingabe uthando lwaseMelika oluvuselelwe lwepulasitiki luzoba uthando lwesikhashana noma umshado wesikhathi eside?Isikhathi sizovela.Okwamanje, izitolo zemfucuza azikho zisazama ukusisiza siqede umkhuba wepulasitiki.
Umsunguli we-Sustain LA u-Leslie Campbell akakwazi ukubikezela ikusasa, kodwa uyazi ukuthi uhlu lwesitolo sakhe lushintshe kakhulu phakathi nonyaka.
Isitolo sisathengisa izitsha zoqalo nezinsimbi zensimbi engagqwali, kodwa "lokho kuthengiswa kwehle ngokushesha," kusho uCampbell."I-sanitizer yezandla, okokuhlanza izingubo kanye nesicoci sezandla, sekuthengisiwe okuningi manje."
Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nalolu shintsho, uCampbell, njengabanye abanikazi abaningi bezitolo zezinto eziphilayo, kwadingeka aguqule imodeli yebhizinisi labo ngesikhathi sokurekhoda.
Ngaphambi kwalolu bhubhane, i-Sustain LA inikeze igalaji likaphethiloli esitolo lapho amakhasimende ayengaletha khona iziqukathi ezisebenzisekayo kabusha (noma athenge endaweni) futhi aphinde athenge ngezinto zokuhlanza ezihambisana nemvelo, insipho, ama-shampoos kanye nezinto zokugcoba.Bangaphinda bathenge izinto zomuntu ezingasetshenziswa kabusha noma ezingabolikala njengezinti nezixubho.I-Sustain LA iphinde iqashe izitsha zengilazi, izinto zokupha iziphuzo, izitsha nezinto zokusika ukuze isize amakhasimende ehlise ukumoshakala kwemicimbi.
"Ngesivumelwano sokuqasha, sibe nenkathi yomshado ematasa yasentwasahlobo nehlobo futhi yonke imibhangqwana yethu ikhansele noma yashintsha izinhlelo," kusho uCampbell.
Yize ukuthenga kwasesitolo kwamiswa ngesikhathi i-Los Angeles County ikhipha i-oda layo lokuqala lokuhlala ekhaya maphakathi no-March, iSustain LA yavunyelwa ukuthi ihlale ivuliwe ngoba ithengisa izinto ezibalulekile njengensipho nesihlanzi sokuwasha.
“Saba nenhlanhla.Sichithe izinsuku ezimbalwa si-oda ngocingo, sithwebula lonke uhla futhi sakha isitolo esiku-inthanethi,” kusho yena.
UCampbell ufake i-pickup system engathintwa endaweni yokupaka yesitolo, iletha izinto ezifana nensipho neshampoo ezitsheni zengilazi ezisebenziseka kabusha amakhasimende akwazi ukuzibuyisela ukuze athole idiphozithi.Ithimba lakhe landise izinsiza zokulethwa kwezidingo futhi lehlisa nezindleko zokuthumela ngemikhumbi.Basebenze noMnyango Wezempilo Yomphakathi waseLos Angeles County, kwathi ngo-Agasti, amakhasimende anikezwa imvume yokubuyisela iziqukathi ezihlanzekile zaseCampbell esitolo ukuze zibulawe amagciwane futhi zigcwaliswe kabusha.
Ingaphambili lesitolo lisukile ohlwini olujabulisayo lwemikhiqizo ye-organic laya endaweni yokugcina impahla eminyene.UCampbell kanye nabasebenzi bakhe abayisishiyagalombili baletha imikhiqizo eyengeziwe engeyona imfucuza ngokusekelwe ezicelweni zamakhasimende.Okuphambili ohlwini amathoyizi ekati enziwe nge-catnip noboya bezimvu.Ngisho namakati angaba nesithukuthezi lapho evalelwe yedwa.
"Senze ubungcono obuncane endleleni," kusho uCampbell.Irenti yemicimbi emincane yaqala ukukhuphuka ehlobo nasekwindla, kodwa yahlala imile ngemva kokukhishwa kwama-oda endawo yokuhlala amasha ngoNovemba.Kusukela ngomhla ka-21 Disemba, i-Sustain LA isavulekele ukuthengwa kabusha kwesitolo kanye nesevisi yamakhasimende, kodwa kumakhasimende amabili kuphela ngesikhathi.Baphinde baqhubeke nokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokulethwa ngaphandle kokuthintwa nangaphandle.Futhi amaklayenti alokhu eza.
Ngaphandle kwalolu bhubhane, selokhu kwavulwa iSustain LA ngo-2009, inhloso enkulu kaCampbell bekuwukwenza kube lula ukuthi abantu bakhiphe upulasitiki, kodwa bekungelula.
Ngo-2018, i-US yakhiqiza amathani acishe abe yizigidi ezingama-292.4 kadoti kamasipala, noma amakhilogremu angu-4.9 umuntu ngamunye ngosuku.Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izinga lokugaywa kabusha ezweni lethu liye lehla ngezinga lama-35%.Uma kuqhathaniswa, izinga lokugaywa kabusha eJalimane licishe libe ngu-68%.
“Njengezwe, sibi kakhulu ekugayeni kabusha,” kusho uDarby Hoover, isikhulu esiphezulu sezinsiza kuMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezokuvikela.“Asenzi kahle nje.”
Ngenkathi eminye imikhawulo isusiwe - izitolo zokudla zaseCalifornia zibuyele ekusebenziseni izikhwama ezisebenziseka kabusha, noma ngabe kufanele uzisebenzise ukupakisha igilosa yakho - ukukhiqizwa kukadoti wepulasitiki kuyanda ezweni lonke.Indawo yokwamukela izivakashi ye-pro-plastic isebenzisa ubhubhane kanye nokukhathazeka kwayo mayelana nezinyathelo zenhlanzeko zokulwa nokuvinjelwa kwepulasitiki yangaphambi kwe-COVID-19.
Ngaphambi kwe-Covid-19, impi yokulwa nepulasitiki e-US yayidlondlobala, izwe ngemuva kombuso livala izinto ezisetshenziswa kanye njengezikhwama zegrosa zepulasitiki.Kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, kuye kwaqubuka izitolo ezidayisa udoti emadolobheni amakhulu emhlabeni wonke, kuhlanganise neNew York, iVancouver, iLondon, neLos Angeles.
Impumelelo yesitolo seZero Waste incike ngokuphelele kumthengi.Abakhiqizi abaningi abazange babe nandaba nokupakisha okumoshayo, okungadingekile—futhi namanje abakwenzi.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, izitolo zokudla eziphethwe umabhalane zaziyinsakavukela ngaphambi kokuba izimakethe zibe “zinhle kakhulu”.Uma ungena kulezi zitolo, unikezela ngohlu lwakho lokuthenga bese umabhalane ekuqoqela yonke into, ekala izinto ezinjengoshukela nofulawa ngobhasikidi.
"Ngaleso sikhathi, uma wawufuna isikhwama sikashukela esingamakhilogremu angu-25, wawungenandaba nokuthi ubani owuthengisayo, wawunendaba nenani elingcono kakhulu kuphela," kusho uJohn Stanton, uprofesa wokumaketha kokudla eYunivesithi yaseSt Joseph ePhiladelphia.
Konke kwashintsha ngo-1916 lapho uClarence Saunders evula i-Piggly Wiggly Market yokuqala eMemphis, eTennessee.Ukuze ehlise izindleko zokusebenza, waxosha abasebenzi basesitolo futhi wenza imodeli yegilosa yokuzisiza.Amakhasimende angakwazi ukucosha inqola yokuthenga futhi akhethe imikhiqizo epakishwe kusengaphambili emashalofini ahlanzekile.Abathengi akudingeki balinde abathengisi, okugcina isikhathi.
"Ukupakisha kufana nomthengisi," kusho uStanton.Manje njengoba omabhalane bengasaqongeleli abantu izimpahla, imikhiqizo kufanele idonse ukunaka kwabathengi ngokuyiphendula ibe amabhodi amancane.“Izinkampani kumele zikhombise ukuthi kungani kufanele uthenge ushukela wethu hhayi ezinye izinhlobo,” kusho yena.
Ukupakishwa okuhambisana nesikhangiso bekukhona ngaphambi kwezitolo zokuzithengela ukudla, kodwa ngesikhathi abakwaSaunders bethula i-Piggly Wiggly, izinkampani zaqinisa imizamo yazo yokwenza amaphakheji azo agqame.U-Stanton ucaphuna amakhukhi njengesibonelo.Ikhukhi elilula manje lidinga izendlalelo ezimbili zokupakishwa: eyodwa ukuze ihlale ilindile kanye neyodwa ukuze izikhangise.
IMpi Yezwe II yaphoqa abakhiqizi ukuthi bathuthukise ukupakisha kwabo.Isazi-mlando somphakathi nomklami wezithombe uCorey Bernath uyachaza ukuthi phakathi nempi, uhulumeni wobumbano wacindezela abakhiqizi ukuba bakhiqize ukudla okuqinile okwakungathunyelwa emasosheni ngobuningi.Ngemva kwempi, lezi zinkampani zaqhubeka nokukhiqiza le mikhiqizo futhi zaphinde zapakishwa emakethe yabantu.
“Kuhle kwezamabhizinisi, sebekulungele ukukhiqiza le nto.Uvele uyithengise futhi uyipakishe kabusha, futhi voila, unoshizi olula kanye nesidlo sakusihlwa se-TV,” kusho uBurnett.
Abakhiqizi bokudla bagxile ekuhlanganiseni nasekusebenzeni kahle.Ipulasitiki engasindi futhi eqinile ibasiza ukufeza lezi zinhloso.U-Bernat ukhomba ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwengilazi namabhodlela epulasitiki kusukela ngawo-1960 nawo-1970.Ngaphambi kokufika kwepulasitiki, imakethe yayikhuthaza amakhasimende ukuthi abuyisele amabhodlela engilazi futhi akhokhe idiphozithi ukuze abakhiqizi bakwazi ukuwasebenzisa kabusha.Kuthatha isikhathi nezinsiza, yingakho amabhodlela esephenduke amapulasitiki, angaphuki njengengilazi futhi alula.Abathengi phakathi nekhulu lamashumi amabili babethanda ipulasitiki.Ziyiqiniso lezinganekwane zesayensi, uphawu lokusebenza ngempumelelo kanye nesimanjemanje imicibisholo.
“Ngemuva kwempi, abantu babecabanga ukuthi ukudla okusemathinini kuhlanzekile kunokudla okusha noma okuqandisiwe.Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babehlobanisa ukusha nokuhlanzeka nokupakisha,” kusho uBurnett.Izitolo ezinkulu seziqalile ukupakisha ukudla kupulasitiki ukuze zincintisane nemikhiqizo eseyagaywa kabusha.
Amabhizinisi akhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwepulasitiki.“Besiphinde sisebenzise izinto kodwa izinkampani zikushintshile lokho.Konke okulahlwayo kungokwakho futhi ungavele ukulahle ngaphandle kokucabanga ngakho,” kusho uBurnett.
"Kunemithetho embalwa kakhulu eyenza abakhiqizi babe nesibopho sokuphela kwempilo yemikhiqizo yabo," kusho uCampbell wakwaSustain LA.
E-United States, omasipala banomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu wokuthuthukisa nokuxhasa ngezimali izinhlelo zabo zokugaywa kabusha.Ingxenye yale mali ivela kubakhokhintela, ingxenye yokuthengiswa kwezinto ezigaywe kabusha.
Nakuba iningi labantu baseMelika likwazi ukufinyelela kuhlobo oluthile lohlelo lokugaywa kabusha, noma ngabe ukuchithwa konqenqema, ukushiya phansi, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili, iningi lethu lenza “amabhayisikili afisayo” amaningi.Uma sicabanga ukuthi ingaphinda igaywe kabusha, siyiphonsa emgqonyeni oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ngeshwa, ukwenza kabusha akulula kangako.Izikhwama zegrosa zepulasitiki, ngenkathi zigaywa kabusha ngokobuchwepheshe, zivimbela okokusebenza kabusha ekwenzeni umsebenzi wazo.Iziqukathi zokukhipha kanye namabhokisi e-pizza anamafutha avame ukungcoliswa ukudla okusalayo ukuze asetshenziswe kabusha.
Abakhiqizi abaqinisekisi ukuthi amaphakheji abawakhiqizayo angasetshenziswa kabusha, kusho uHoover.Thatha, isibonelo, ibhokisi lejusi.I-Hoover iphawula ukuthi ngokuvamile yenziwa ngengxube yephepha, i-aluminium, ipulasitiki kanye neglue.Ngokwethiyori, okuningi kwalokhu okubalulekile kungagaywa kabusha."Kodwa empeleni kuyiphupho elibi lokuvuselela kabusha," kusho uHoover.
Imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene eziyinhlanganisela kunzima ukuyicubungula ngezinga elikhulu.Ngisho noma unezinto ezenziwe ngohlobo olufanayo lwepulasitiki, njengamabhodlela e-soda neziqukathi ze-yogurt, ngokuvamile azikwazi ukuphinda zisetshenziswe ndawonye.
"Amabhodlela angabunjwa ngomjovo futhi iziqukathi ze-yogurt zingabunjwa ngomjovo, okuzoshintsha indawo yazo yokuncibilika," kusho uHoover.
Ukwenza izinto zibe nzima nakakhulu, iShayina, eyake yavuselela cishe ingxenye yemfucuza egaywa kabusha emhlabeni, ayisawemukeli udoti omningi wezwe lethu.Ngo-2017, i-China yamemezela ukwethulwa komkhawulo wenani likadoti okhishiwe.NgoJanuwari 2018, i-China yavimbela ukungeniswa kwezinhlobo eziningi zepulasitiki nephepha, futhi izinto ezigaywe kabusha kufanele zihlangabezane nezindinganiso eziqinile zokungcola.
"Asinawo amazinga aphansi okungcola ohlelweni lwethu," kusho uHoover.“Ngenxa yokuthi izinto ezigaywa kabusha zaseMelika zingena emgqomeni owodwa omkhulu, iphepha eliyigugu elihlala eduze kwalawo mabhokisi anamafutha ngokuvamile lichayeka emlilweni.Kunzima ukuhlangabezana nalezo zindinganiso.”
Esikhundleni salokho, izinto ezigaywa kabusha ezake zathunyelwa e-China zizothunyelwa endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu, zigcinwe ezindaweni zokugcina, noma zithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe (mhlawumbe iNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia).Ngisho namanye alawa mazwe afana neMalaysia acikwa yimiphumela yemvelo yokulahlwa okungapheli futhi aseqala ukwenqaba.Njengoba sithuthukisa ingqalasizinda yethu yasekhaya yokugaywa kabusha ukuze siphendule ukuvinjelwa kwe-China, sibhekene nombuzo: singakuyeka kanjani ukudala imfucuza engaka?
UCampbell nomndeni wakhe sebeneminyaka eyishumi bephila impilo yokungachithi lutho.Kulula ukulahla izithelo zepulasitiki ezilenga kancane, ezisetshenziswa kanye njengezikhwama zokuthenga, amabhodlela amanzi neziqukathi zokukhipha, usho kanje.Inselele iwukushintsha izinto zasendlini njengezihlanzi zokuwasha, ishampoo kanye nesiqedaphunga ezitsheni zepulasitiki eziqinile.
“Ujeke ngokwawo useyisitsha esiwusizo futhi esiqinile.Akuwenzi nje umqondo ukuyilahla njalo,” kusho yena.USustain LA wazalwa.
UCampbell uphawula ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kabusha kubalulekile ekumosheni.Izimbiza zokuhlanza izingubo zepulasitiki zingase zingafaneleki ku-Instagram njengeziqukathi zengilazi zikanokusho, kodwa ngokusebenzisa kabusha nokugcwalisa lo mbhemu omkhulu, ungawugcina uphephile emfuleni kadoti.Ngisho nangale ndlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo yokuvuselela kabusha, usengakwazi ukuvimbela izinto ezisetshenziswa kanye ukuthi zigcine zingenile endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu.
U-Daniel Riley we-General Store ka-Riley, ongenaso isitolo sezitini nodaka kodwa esihlinzeka ngokudiliva e-San Gabriel Valley, uyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokuthuthela ekumosheni.
“Siphila impilo ematasa kakhulu futhi asikho isidingo sokuthi udoti wethu siwufake embizeni yengilazi ekupheleni konyaka.Izinkampani kufanele ziphendule ngokwenza ukupakisha okuqinile, ”kusho uRiley.
Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, izogxila ekugcwalisweni kabusha kwemikhiqizo eqhubekayo yokunakekela ikhaya neyomuntu siqu.
“Umgomo wami uwukunikeza izithasiselo ezithengekayo futhi ngibhekane nazo ngendlela enengqondo ukuze nginikeze ngemikhiqizo edingwa abantu endaweni yangakithi ngempela,” kusho yena.
OkweSitolo Esijwayelekile sikaRiley, esigubhe unyaka waso wokuqala ngoNovemba, ukuvalwa kwendawo ngoMashi kukhulise isidingo samakhasimende, ikakhulukazi okokuhlanza izingubo nensipho.
“Kube yimpumelelo ngoba ukubeletha kwami akukatholakali,” kusho uRiley, wengeza ngokuthi okwamanje akakhokhisi uma ngibeletha.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-03-2023